# OSANG Neurosurgery: English public pages

> English information about OSANG Neurosurgery, dysautonomia, brain and neurological symptoms, treatment programs, and patient guidance.

- Official website: https://osns.co.kr/en/
- Phone: 1599-5453
- Address: Seoul Gangnam-gu 656 Nonhyeon-ro

## English pages

- [Autonomic Dysfunction Clinic | OSANG Neurosurgery Gangnam](https://osns.co.kr/en/index.md): If unexplained palpitations, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, or brain fog keep returning, OSANG’s neurosurgery and neurology specialists assess the symptoms together. More than 50,000 treatment cases have been accumulated since 2015.
- [About Us | OSANG Neurosurgery — Gangnam Autonomic Clinic](https://osns.co.kr/en/about/introduce.html.md): OSANG Neurosurgery specializes in autonomic dysfunction, headaches, and dizziness — healing body and mind guided by the spirit of Osang. Gangnam, Seoul.
- [Medical Team | Neurology & Neurosurgery Specialists | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/about/doctors.html.md): OSANG’s medical team includes representative director and neurosurgeon Mincheol Oh, neurologist Seonggyu Hong, and anesthesiologist and pain medicine specialist Jeonghyeon Choi. The three specialties coordinate care based on more than 50,000 treatment cases accumulated since 2015.
- [Directions | OSANG Neurosurgery Gangnam, Seoul](https://osns.co.kr/en/about/map.html.md): OSANG Neurosurgery: 656 Nonhyeon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul. 3 min from Hakdong Station Exit 3 (Line 7). Valet parking. Mon-Fri 09:30–18:00, Sat (bi-weekly) 09:00–13:00.
- [Clinic Tour | OSANG Neurosurgery Facilities](https://osns.co.kr/en/about/tour/index.md): Explore OSANG Neurosurgery’s reception and waiting areas, consultation rooms, examination rooms, and treatment spaces through photos.
- [Dysautonomia: Symptoms & Treatment | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/autonomic/index.md): Dysautonomia disrupts autonomic nerves causing palpitations, dizziness, anxiety, and fatigue. Expert care at OSANG Neurosurgery — 50,000+ cases since 2015.
- [Dysautonomia Tests: Tilt Table, HRV & DITI | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/autonomic/test/index.md): Tilt Table Test, HRV, EEG, DITI thermal imaging, and blood tests — OSANG Neurosurgery diagnostic process for dysautonomia explained.
- [Headache Clinic | Migraine & Cluster | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/headache/index.md): Dual neurology & neurosurgery care for migraine, cluster, tension, and cervicogenic headaches. Anti-CGRP, Botox, TMS, and nerve blocks. Gangnam.
- [Dizziness Clinic | BPPV & Vestibular Neuritis | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/brain-neuro/dizziness/index.md): BPPV, vestibular neuritis, and central vertigo precisely diagnosed and treated through neurosurgery-neurology collaboration at OSANG Neurosurgery, Gangnam.
- [Brain Fog Symptoms, Causes & Consultation | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/brain-neuro/brain-fog/index.md): Brain fog describes a hazy or slowed feeling in which concentration, memory, or finding words becomes difficult. Learn about common patterns, possible contributing factors, and when to discuss persistent symptoms with a clinician.
- [Four Stem Cell Therapy Products Approved in Korea | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/stem-cell/index.md): An overview of the approved indications and application criteria for Cartistem, Hearticellgram-AMI, Cupistem, and Neuronata-R, four stem cell therapy products approved in Korea.
- [Cellvian PBSE | PRP, B, S & E Program Guide | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/stem-cell/cellvian/index.md): Learn about the source materials and preparation concepts for Cellvian PRP, B, S, and E, including how microscopic membrane-bound carriers released by cells support protein, lipid, and nucleic-acid signaling between cells.
- [Stem Cell Research on Ischemic Stroke | Findings & Limits | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/brain-neuro/cerebral-infarction/index.md): A patient-friendly explanation of reported changes, study conditions, and limitations in stem cell research papers on ischemic stroke. These are not OSANG treatment outcomes.
- [Stem Cell Research on Parkinson’s Disease | Findings & Limits | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/brain-neuro/parkinson/index.md): A patient-friendly explanation of reported changes, study conditions, and limitations in stem cell research papers on Parkinson’s disease. These are not OSANG treatment outcomes.
- [Stem Cell Research on Aging Frailty | Findings & Limits | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/stem-cell/anti-aging/index.md): A patient-friendly review of human studies on age-related frailty, mobility, strength, physical function, short-term safety, and remaining limits. These are not OSANG treatment outcomes.
- [Neural Reset Protocol | Autonomic Therapy | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/programs/neural-reset.html.md): The Neural Reset Protocol targets CAN, vagus nerve, peripheral nerves, and the neuro-immune-endocrine system to treat dysautonomia at OSANG Neurosurgery.
- [NPT Program | Neuro Pulse Therapy | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/programs/npt.html.md): NPT (Neuro Pulse Therapy) stimulates autonomic and peripheral nerves — treating headache, indigestion, cold limbs, and sciatica. 50,000+ sessions at OSANG.
- [Hair Loss Clinic | Follicle Progenitor Cell Therapy | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/hairloss/index.md): No drugs, no surgery. OSANG Neurosurgery isolates hair follicle progenitor cells to restore follicles and promote new hair growth. Gangnam, Seoul.
- [Patient Stories | Dysautonomia Reviews | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/patients/index.md): OSANG Neurosurgery Patient Stories — Non-covered service information, Patient Q&A, and Treatment Cases.
- [FAQ | Dysautonomia & NPT Questions | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/patients/qa.html.md): Frequently Asked Questions about dysautonomia, NPT program, Neural Reset Protocol, headache, hair loss, and consultation guidance at OSANG Neurosurgery.
- [Non-Covered Medical Fees | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/patients/pricing.html.md): Find information about non-covered tests and treatments at OSANG Neurosurgery and how to confirm costs. Actual fees may vary according to the care provided.
- [News & Columns | Autonomic and Neurological Health | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/column/index.md): Read OSANG Neurosurgery’s latest media coverage and health columns on dysautonomia, headaches, dizziness, and neurological health.
- [Notices | OSANG Neurosurgery](https://osns.co.kr/en/notice/index.md): Check OSANG Neurosurgery notices about clinic schedules, temporary closures, and using the clinic.
- [OSANG Medical Encyclopedia | Autonomic and Neurological Health](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/index.md): Plain-language information about autonomic and neurological conditions, headaches, dizziness, dementia, tests, and treatments.
- [delirium | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/delirium.md): Delirium is a disorder of attention and consciousness that appears acutely over several hours to several days, and is characterized by symptoms that fluctuate throughout…
- [Cervical radiculopathy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cervical-radiculopathy.md): Cervical radiculopathy is commonly called 'cervical disc', and the main cause is nerve root compression caused by cervical disc herniation or osteophyte formation. It ha…
- [Cervical disc herniation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cervical-disc-herniation.md): Cervical disc herniation is commonly called ‘cervical disc’ and is most common at the C5-6 and C6-7 levels [1]. It mainly occurs in the active population in their 30s to…
- [dystonia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/dystonia.md): Dystonia is a movement disorder in which involuntary muscle contraction occurs due to abnormalities in the motor control circuit including the basal ganglia. It is class…
- [Orthostatic hypotension | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/orthostatic-hypotension.md): Orthostatic hypotension is a condition in which cerebral blood flow decreases due to the failure of the autonomic nervous compensation mechanism that returns blood moved…
- [Guillain-Barre Syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/guillain-barre-syndrome.md): Guillain-Barre syndrome is characterized by weakness that begins in both legs and moves upward 1 to 4 weeks after a cold or diarrhea. The global annual incidence is appr…
- [multiple system atrophy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/multiple-system-atrophy.md): Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that mainly occurs in people in their late 50s, with a prevalence of approximately 4.4/100,000 people…
- [multiple sclerosis | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/multiple-sclerosis.md): Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which immune cells attack the myelin sheath of the central nervous system, causing various neurological symptoms such as decreased vis…
- [Diabetic autonomic neuropathy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/diabetic-autonomic-neuropathy.md): Diabetic autonomic neuropathy occurs in approximately 20-40% of diabetic patients, and the incidence increases as the duration of disease increases. Cardiac autonomic ne…
- [Postherpetic neuralgia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/postherpetic-neuralgia.md): Postherpetic neuralgia is chronic pain caused by ganglion damage and subsequent central sensitization caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It occurs in approximat…
- [chronic fatigue syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/chronic-fatigue-syndrome.md): Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a serious nervous system, immune system, and autonomic nervous system disease that is different from general fatigue. The global pre…
- [peripheral neuropathy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/peripheral-neuropathy.md): Peripheral neuropathy is a nerve disease whose main symptoms include tingling in the hands and feet, burning pain, and numbness. Diabetes is the most common cause, occur…
- [Essential tremor | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/essential-tremor.md): Essential tremor is a common movement disorder with a prevalence of approximately 0.4-3.9% in adults and approximately 5% in people over 65 years of age. Hyperactivity o…
- [Mast cell activation syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/mast-cell-activation.md): MCAS causes repetitive and unpredictable symptoms in various organs, including the skin (urticaria, angioedema), digestive system (abdominal pain, diarrhea), cardiovascu…
- [trigeminal neuralgia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/trigeminal-neuralgia.md): The prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia is approximately 4 to 13/100,000 [1], and it occurs more frequently after the age of 50 and is slightly more common in women. Comp…
- [small fiber neuropathy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/small-fiber-neuropathy.md): Small fiber neuropathy occurs due to pre-diabetes, immune disease, genetic disease, or unknown cause, and causes chronic pain and autonomic dysfunction. Standard electro…
- [Numbness in hands | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/hand-numbness.md): Numbness in the hands is a common symptom that causes numbness or a tingling sensation in the hands or fingers. The most common cause is carpal tunnel syndrome, which oc…
- [carpal tunnel syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/carpal-tunnel-syndrome.md): Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common peripheral nerve disease with a prevalence of approximately 3.8% in adults and is approximately three times more common in women…
- [Neuropathic pain | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/neuropathic-pain.md): Neuropathic pain occurs when damage to the peripheral or central nervous system causes abnormalities in the pain transmission pathway itself. Neuropathic pain is reporte…
- [Facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/bells-palsy.md): Bell's palsy is the most common acute unilateral facial paralysis, occurring in approximately 15 to 30 people per 100,000 people per year. Reactivation of herpes simplex…
- [Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/ehlers-danlos-syndrome.md): EDS is classified into 13 subtypes, with hypermobility EDS (hEDS) being the most common. The prevalence is estimated to be approximately 1:5,000 to 1:20,000, but is unde…
- [autonomic dysfunction | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/dysautonomia.md): Autonomic dysfunction refers to a condition in which the autonomic nervous system cannot properly regulate heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, body temperature, and s…
- [autonomic neuropathy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-neuropathy.md): Autonomic neuropathy is a group of diseases in which multi-organ dysfunction occurs due to organic damage to autonomic nerve fibers. Diabetes is the most common cause, a…
- [Orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/pots.md): Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an autonomic nervous system disease in which the heart rate increases abnormally quickly when standing up, causing di…
- [Parkinson's disease autonomic dysfunction | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/parkinsons-autonomic-dysfunction.md): Approximately 70-80% of Parkinson's disease patients are accompanied by autonomic dysfunction, and some symptoms function as prodromal symptoms that appear before motor…
- [Vasovagal syncope | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vasovagal-syncope.md): Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common type of syncope, accounting for approximately 60% of all syncope cases. Prolonged standing, pain, emotional stress, and heat a…
- [Dementia Overview | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/dementia-overview.md): Dementia refers to a condition in which normally developed cognitive functions deteriorate due to various causes, making independent daily life difficult. 60-70% of the…
- [Alzheimer's disease | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/alzheimers-disease.md): Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disease in which nerve cells gradually disappear as amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulate in the brain. It is…
- [vascular dementia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vascular-dementia.md): Vascular dementia refers to a condition in which cognitive function is reduced due to cerebrovascular damage such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and chroni…
- [Lewy body dementia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/lewy-body-dementia.md): Lewy body dementia is a degenerative dementia caused by the accumulation of Lewy bodies made of aggregated alpha-synuclein in the cerebrum. It accounts for approximately…
- [frontotemporal dementia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/frontotemporal-dementia.md): Frontotemporal dementia is a degenerative dementia caused by selective degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. It is a common cause of early-onset dementia in pe…
- [mild cognitive impairment | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/mild-cognitive-impairment.md): Mild cognitive impairment refers to a state in which the person or guardian complains of cognitive decline and an objective decline is confirmed in neuropsychological te…
- [normal pressure hydrocephalus | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus.md): Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a disease in which the triad of gait disturbance, cognitive decline, and urinary incontinence occurs when the ventricle expands due to c…
- [cholinesterase inhibitors | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cholinesterase-inhibitors.md): Cholinesterase inhibitors are drugs that increase cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine, and representative examples in…
- [Anti-amyloid antibody treatment | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/anti-amyloid-antibody.md): Anti-amyloid antibody treatment is a monoclonal antibody that targets and removes beta-amyloid accumulated in the brain, and representative examples include lecanemab an…
- [Irritable Bowel Syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/irritable-bowel-syndrome.md): Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease in which abdominal pain and abnormal bowel movements occur repeatedly without organic bowel disease. Approxi…
- [sympathetic nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/sympathetic-nervous-system.md): The sympathetic nervous system is the nervous system that quickly prepares the body for dangerous or stressful situations. It begins in the chest and lumbar region of th…
- [Aging and autonomic nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/aging-autonomic-nervous-system.md): Aging causes a decline in function throughout the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV) significantly decreases in people over 65 years of age [1], and…
- [Autonomic dysfunction after stroke | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/post-stroke-autonomic-dysfunction.md): Approximately 60-80% of stroke patients are accompanied by various forms of autonomic dysfunction, which independently affects the prognosis and mortality of stroke [1]…
- [Pupillary Dysfunction | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/pupillary-dysfunction.md): The size of the pupil is controlled by the antagonistic action of the sympathetic nervous system (dilation, pupil dilation) and the parasympathetic nervous system (migra…
- [Raynaud's syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/raynaud-syndrome.md): Raynaud's syndrome occurs in approximately 3-5% of the world's population and is common in young women. Primary Raynaud's phenomenon (Raynaud's disease) occurs without a…
- [Long Covid autonomic dysfunction | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/long-covid-dysautonomia.md): Approximately 10-30% of COVID-19 infected people experience long COVID-19, of which autonomic dysfunction is one of the most frequent symptoms [1]. It is characterized b…
- [vagus nerve | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vagus-nerve.md): The vagus nerve is a key passage of the parasympathetic nerve that connects major organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It is responsible f…
- [Hyperhidrosis | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/hyperhidrosis.md): Sweating disorders are largely divided into hyperhidrosis, which causes excessive sweating, and anhidrosis and hypohidrosis, which cause no sweating. Primary hyperhidros…
- [parasympathetic nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/parasympathetic-nervous-system.md): The parasympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is at rest and plays a role in slowing the heart rate, promoting digestion, and storing energy. It originat…
- [neurogenic bladder | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/neurogenic-bladder.md): Neurogenic bladder can occur when any part of the urinary nerve pathway, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, is damaged. It occurs in approximately…
- [baroreceptor reflex | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/baroreflex.md): The baroreceptor reflex is an autonomic feedback mechanism in which baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect changes in blood pressure and trans…
- [Drug and autonomic side effects | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/drug-autonomic-side-effects.md): Many drugs cause various autonomic side effects by acting directly on autonomic receptors or by changing neurotransmitter balance. Anticholinergic drugs cause dry mouth…
- [exercise and autonomic nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/exercise-autonomic-nervous-system.md): Regular exercise is one of the effective non-pharmacological ways to improve autonomic nervous system function. Aerobic exercise training reduces resting heart rate by a…
- [Introduction to Autonomic Nervous System | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-nervous-system.md): The autonomic nervous system is a nervous system that regulates body functions that operate automatically without conscious awareness, such as heart rate, blood pressure…
- [autonomic dysreflexia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-dysreflexia.md): Autonomic dysreflexia is a condition in which harmful stimuli such as bladder overdistension, constipation, and skin irritation in patients with spinal cord injury above…
- [Autonomic ganglia and neurotransmitters | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-ganglia-neurotransmitters.md): Autonomic ganglia are relay stations through which autonomic nerve signals from the brain and spinal cord pass before being transmitted to each organ. The preganglionic…
- [gut-brain axis | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/gut-brain-axis.md): The gut-brain axis is a two-way communication pathway connecting the gut and brain. The vagus nerve transmits about 80% of intestinal sensory information to the brain, a…
- [enteric nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/enteric-nervous-system.md): The enteric nervous system is a unique nerve network distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the anus. About 500 million nerve cells are…
- [central autonomic neural network | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/central-autonomic-network.md): The central autonomic nervous network is a concept systematized by Benarroch in 1993, and is a neural circuit that coordinates autonomic nervous functions such as heart…
- [POTS diet | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/postural-tachycardia-diet.md): In POTS patients, sufficient fluid (2-3 L/day) and salt (10-12 g/day) intake is the most basic non-drug treatment to secure intravascular volume and relieve symptoms whe…
- [giant cell arteritis | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/giant-cell-arteritis.md): Giant cell arteritis is the most common systemic vasculitis that occurs in people over 50 years of age and affects medium to large arteries, including the temporal arter…
- [Hemicrania continua | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/hemicrania-continua.md): Continuous hemicrania is a headache in which a more severe exacerbation phase overlaps the underlying pain that persists on one side, and the exacerbation phase is accom…
- [Hypnic Headache | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/hypnic-headache.md): Hypnic headaches are rare primary headaches that occur only while asleep and wake the patient, and often begin after the age of 50. I wake up at the same time almost eve…
- [Idiopathic intracranial hypertension | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension.md): Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease in which intracranial pressure rises without an obvious cause such as a tumor or vascular lesion, and is also called ps…
- [paroxysmal hemicrania | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/paroxysmal-hemicrania.md): Paroxysmal hemicrania is a type of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, in which 2-30 minute attacks in the orbital or temporal region on one side are repeated more than 5…
- [Spontaneous intracranial hypotension | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/spontaneous-intracranial-hypotension.md): Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a disease in which intracranial pressure drops due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal dura without trauma or surge…
- [Cervicogenic headache | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cervicogenic-headache.md): Cervicogenic headache is a secondary headache caused by lesions in the joints, intervertebral discs, muscles, and ligaments of the upper cervical spine (C1-C3), which ar…
- [cluster headache | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cluster-headache.md): Cluster headaches are headaches that occur repeatedly at the same time, 1 to 8 times a day, for weeks to months, during a cluster period. The pain intensity is one of th…
- [Tension headache | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/tension-headache.md): Tension headache is a headache characterized by a feeling as if the entire head is being tightened or pressed by a band. It is common enough that about 78% of adults wil…
- [Headache red flags | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/headache-red-flags.md): Approximately 90% of all headaches are benign primary headaches (migraine, tension-type headache), but approximately 2-4% are secondary headaches that require urgent tre…
- [Types of Headaches | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/headache-types.md): Headache is a common symptom experienced by approximately 50% of the world's population every year [1]. The International Headache Society classifies headaches into prim…
- [chronic migraine | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/chronic-migraine.md): Chronic migraine is a condition in which headaches persist for more than 15 days a month for more than 3 months. It affects approximately 1.4-2.2% of all adults, and the…
- [New daily persistent headache | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/new-daily-persistent-headache.md): A new headache is a headache that starts suddenly and continues every day from the beginning. Patients often remember exactly the date and circumstances when their heada…
- [Medication-Overuse Headache | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/medication-overuse-headache.md): Medication overuse headache is a condition in which headaches increase due to taking painkillers too frequently. It occurs when simple painkillers are used more than 15…
- [Migraine in Women | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/migraine-in-women.md): Migraine has a prevalence of approximately 18% in women and 6% in men, and this gender difference is mainly due to estrogen fluctuations [1]. Menstrual-related migraine…
- [Migraine with aura | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/migraine-with-aura.md): Migraine with aura is a migraine in which aura symptoms such as flashing before the eyes, seeing zigzag lines, tingling in the hands, or difficulty speaking are present…
- [migraine | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/migraine.md): Migraine is a disease that causes repeated throbbing pain on one side of the head. It is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and hypersensitivity to light and sound, and on…
- [migraine treatment | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/migraine-treatment.md): Migraine treatment consists of two axes: acute treatment and preventive treatment. In the acute phase, anti-inflammatory analgesics or triptan-based drugs are used, and…
- [Migraine and autonomic nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/migraine-autonomic-dysfunction.md): Migraine patients experience a variety of autonomic symptoms during attacks, including nausea, watery eyes, nasal congestion, and facial pallor. This is a reaction that…
- [Occipital neuralgia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/occipital-neuralgia.md): Occipital neuralgia is a headache disorder characterized by sharp pain that starts in the occiput and radiates to the parietal region, temporal region, and around the ey…
- [CGRP inhibitor | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cgrp-inhibitors.md): CGRP inhibitors (calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitors) are the first group of preventive drugs developed specifically for migraine. Monoclonal antibodies (erenumab…
- [Bilateral vestibulopathy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/bilateral-vestibulopathy.md): Bilateral vestibulopathy is a disease in which vestibular function in both inner ears is reduced or lost simultaneously. It is characterized by oscillopsia, which shakes…
- [Post-disembarkation syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/mal-de-debarquement.md): Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a condition in which the feeling of shaking and shaking persists even when stopped after experiencing passive movement such as a b…
- [motion sickness | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/motion-sickness.md): Motion sickness is caused by a sensory conflict where visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive information do not match each other, resulting in an autonomic response. Nau…
- [Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/superior-canal-dehiscence.md): Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome is caused by the formation of a third window due to a defect in the temporal bone that covers the superior semicircular c…
- [vestibular paroxysmia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vestibular-paroxysmia.md): Vestibular paroxysmia occurs when the 8th cranial nerve, the vestibulocochlear nerve, is compressed by blood vessels. It is characterized by brief rotational or non-rota…
- [vestibular rehabilitation treatment | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vestibular-rehabilitation.md): Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based treatment that induces adaptation, habituation, and sensory replacement of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. It consists of gaz…
- [Age-related dizziness | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/age-related-dizziness.md): Age-related dizziness is a multifactorial disease that occurs in approximately 30% of people over 65 years of age, and is complexly involved in decreased vestibular hair…
- [Meniere's disease | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/meniere-disease.md): Meniere's disease is a paroxysmal disease in which symptoms such as dizziness, repeated hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ears occur simultaneousl…
- [Psychogenic dizziness | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/psychogenic-dizziness.md): Psychogenic dizziness is a disease in which no structural abnormalities are found in vestibular function tests, but the patient actually experiences dizziness, instabili…
- [Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/bppv.md): Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), commonly referred to as otolithiasis, is a disease in which short, intense rotational dizziness occurs repeatedly when chang…
- [Dizziness | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/dizziness-overview.md): Dizziness is a symptom that encompasses a feeling that the surroundings are spinning, a feeling that it is difficult to stay centered, and a feeling that the vision beco…
- [autonomic dizziness | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-dizziness.md): Autonomic dizziness is caused by dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, such as orthostatic hypotension, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and va…
- [vestibular neuritis | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vestibular-neuritis.md): Vestibular neuritis is a disease in which the vestibular nerve that connects the ear and the brain becomes inflamed, causing sudden, severe rotational dizziness that las…
- [vestibular migraine | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vestibular-migraine.md): Vestibular migraine is a common cause of dizziness, accounting for approximately 7-11% of patients at dizziness clinics. Suspect when vertigo attacks recur in patients w…
- [Central Vertigo | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/central-vertigo.md): Approximately 10-15% of patients with dizziness have central causes, and among these, stroke is the most dangerous cause. Central vertigo is differentiated from peripher…
- [Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/persistent-postural-perceptual-dizziness.md): PPPD is one of the most common causes of chronic dizziness, accounting for approximately 15-20% of all chronic dizziness patients [1]. Dizziness, vertigo, and balance pr…
- [Amyloid PET | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/amyloid-pet.md): Amyloid PET uses a radioactive tracer that binds to beta-amyloid deposits to image Alzheimer's disease pathology in vivo. A negative test is in fact useful in ruling out…
- [Cognitive function test | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cognitive-function-test.md): Cognitive function tests are divided into screening tests and detailed neuropsychological tests. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a representative screening t…
- [Electromyography | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/electromyography.md): Electromyography (EMG), which is performed together with nerve conduction study (NCS), is a key diagnostic tool to differentiate lesions of peripheral nerves, nerve root…
- [pupillometry test | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/pupillometry.md): The pupillometry test uses an infrared video pupillometer to measure resting pupil diameter, maximum constriction speed, relaxation speed, and fatigue index. Sympathetic…
- [Valsalva test | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/valsalva-maneuver-test.md): The Valsalva maneuver analyzes the pattern of heart rate and blood pressure changes during and immediately after performing the motion of covering the mouth or nose and…
- [Sweating function test | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/sudomotor-function-test.md): The sweat function test is an autonomic test that evaluates the integrity of the sweating nerves (sympathetic cholinergic C fibers). Quantitative axon reflex sweating te…
- [Nerve Conduction Study | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/nerve-conduction-study.md): Nerve conduction testing is an essential test for diagnosing peripheral neuropathy, radiculopathy, and nerve entrapment syndrome (carpal tunnel syndrome, etc.). It consi…
- [Heart rate variability | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/heart-rate-variability.md): Heart rate variability is a test that evaluates the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves by analyzing minute fluctuations in heartbeat intervals. I…
- [Autonomic Function Test Battery | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-function-battery.md): The autonomic test battery is a standardized test combination that includes heart rate variability (cardiorespiratory variability, Valsalva ratio, 30:15 ratio), standing…
- [Autonomic Testing Protocols | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-testing-protocols.md): The autonomic nervous system test protocol is a standard test system that comprehensively evaluates various effector functions of the autonomic nervous system, including…
- [Quantitative EEG test | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/qeeg.md): QEEG (quantitative electroencephalography) is a test that digitally analyzes brain waves and creates a ‘brain map’ expressing the distribution of activity by frequency b…
- [Sympathetic Skin Response | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/sympathetic-skin-response.md): SSR is a non-invasive test that attaches electrodes to the palms and soles of the feet and records changes in skin potential that occur about 1.5 to 3 seconds after stim…
- [Transcranial magnetic stimulation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation.md): Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to activate or inhibit cerebral cort…
- [Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/transcranial-direct-current-stimulation.md): tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) is a non-invasive neuromodulation treatment that modulates cerebral cortex activity by delivering micro-currents to the br…
- [Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/transcutaneous-vagus-nerve-stimulation.md): Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation method that activates the vagus nerve using only skin electrodes without surgery. It is d…
- [Radiofrequency nerve block | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/radiofrequency-nerve-block.md): Radiofrequency nerve block (RF ablation) is an interventional procedure that blocks the transmission of pain signals using thermal coagulation by high-frequency current…
- [deep brain stimulation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/deep-brain-stimulation.md): DBS is the standard surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia that do not respond sufficiently to drug treatment. Electrodes are inserte…
- [Vagus nerve stimulation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vagus-nerve-stimulation.md): Vagus nerve stimulation is a neuromodulation treatment that has been established as an adjunctive treatment for treatment-resistant epilepsy and depression since the FDA…
- [biofeedback | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/biofeedback.md): Biofeedback is divided into HRV biofeedback, brainwave (neurofeedback), skin conduction, electromyography, and thermal biofeedback depending on the physiological signal…
- [Botulinum toxin treatment | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/botulinum-toxin-therapy.md): Botulinum toxin is used as a standard treatment in the field of neurology for chronic migraine (PREEMPT protocol), cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm…
- [stellate ganglion block | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/stellate-ganglion-block.md): A stellate ganglion block is a procedure that temporarily blocks sympathetic nerve activity by injecting a local anesthetic into the sympathetic ganglion at the front of…
- [spinal cord stimulation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/spinal-cord-stimulation.md): SCS is a representative interventional treatment for chronic neuropathic pain that does not respond to drug treatment. Approximately 50-70% of patients experience pain r…
- [panic disorder | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/panic-disorder.md): Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated panic attacks that include sudden, intense fear, heart palpitations, hyperventilation, chest pain, and a…
- [meditation and brain science | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/meditation-brain-science.md): Mindfulness meditation (MBSR) is an evidence-based intervention that has been confirmed through meta-analysis to be effective in relieving stress, anxiety, pain, and dep…
- [burnout syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/burnout-syndrome.md): Burnout syndrome was officially registered as an occupational phenomenon in ICD-11 by WHO in 2019, and the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) is a standard measurement tool…
- [generalized anxiety disorder | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/generalized-anxiety-disorder.md): Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by chronic excessive worry about various areas, including work, health, family, and finances. The lifetime prevalence is ap…
- [insomnia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/insomnia.md): Insomnia is a chronic disease characterized by difficulty falling asleep, waking up frequently, or waking up too early. Approximately 10-15% of adults experience chronic…
- [sleep apnea | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/sleep-apnea.md): Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that affects approximately 24% of adult men and 9% of adult women. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is classified into…
- [Sleep disorders and autonomic nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/sleep-disorder-autonomic.md): During normal sleep, parasympathetic nerves become dominant and sympathetic nerve activity decreases in NREM sleep, resulting in nocturnal dipping, which lowers heart ra…
- [Stress and autonomic nervous system | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/stress-and-autonomic-nervous-system.md): When stressed, the brain activates the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar, and putting the body into an aler…
- [somatic symptom disorder | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/somatic-symptom-disorder.md): Somatic symptom disorder occurs in approximately 5-7% of the general population, and the main complaints include unexplained pain, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, an…
- [post-traumatic stress disorder | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/ptsd.md): Approximately 7-8% of the world's population experiences PTSD at least once in their lifetime, and it is twice as common in women than in men. Traffic accidents, sexual…
- [carotid artery stenosis | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/carotid-stenosis.md): Carotid artery stenosis is a condition in which atherosclerotic plaque accumulates in the carotid artery, narrowing the lumen of the blood vessel, and is one of the main…
- [cerebral infarction | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cerebral-infarction.md): Cerebral infarction is a condition in which nerve cells are irreversibly damaged when blood flow to brain tissue is blocked due to cerebrovascular occlusion or stenosis…
- [brain aneurysm | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cerebral-aneurysm.md): Brain aneurysms are found in approximately 2-5% of the adult population and are mostly asymptomatic. When it ruptures, subarachnoid hemorrhage, which manifests as ‘the w…
- [stroke | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/stroke-overview.md): Stroke is divided into cerebral infarction, in which a cerebral blood vessel is blocked (ischemic stroke), and cerebral hemorrhage, in which a cerebral blood vessel burs…
- [stroke risk factors | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/stroke-risk-factors.md): Stroke risk factors are divided into non-correctable factors (age, gender, genetics, race) and modifiable factors (hypertension, atrial fibrillation, smoking, diabetes…
- [stroke rehabilitation | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/stroke-rehabilitation.md): Approximately 80% of stroke survivors remain with one or more functional impairments, and systematic rehabilitation is key to regaining independent daily function. To ma…
- [cerebral hemorrhage | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/cerebral-hemorrhage.md): Cerebral hemorrhage accounts for approximately 10-20% of all strokes, but the 30-day mortality rate is high at approximately 40-50%. High blood pressure (about 50-70% of…
- [transient ischemic attack | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/transient-ischemic-attack.md): TIA is also called ‘mini-stroke’ and is a strong precursor to cerebral infarction. The risk of stroke occurring within 90 days after a TIA is approximately 10-15%, with…
- [Vertebral basilar artery insufficiency | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/vertebrobasilar-insufficiency.md): VBI is a blood flow disorder of the posterior circulation, and its characteristic symptoms include dizziness, double vision, dysarthria, and loss of balance. Posterior c…
- [Exosome treatment | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/exosome-therapy.md): Exosomes are key molecules that mediate the therapeutic effects of stem cells, and are attracting attention as 'cell-free therapy' that overcomes the limitations of cell…
- [Autologous platelet-rich plasma treatment | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/prp-therapy.md): PRP treatment is a procedure that involves collecting a small amount of the patient's blood, centrifuging it, extracting plasma with platelets 3 to 5 times more concentr…
- [stem cell therapy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/stem-cell-therapy.md): Stem cell therapy uses various cell types such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Mesenchymal stem cells ex…
- [Extracorporeal shock wave therapy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/extracorporeal-shock-wave-therapy.md): Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a non-invasive treatment that focuses high-energy acoustic waves (shock waves) generated outside the body on lesioned tissue…
- [Prolotherapy | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/prolotherapy.md): Prolotherapy is a non-surgical regenerative treatment that promotes connective tissue regeneration by injecting a dextrose solution around ligaments, tendons, and joints…
- [Tilt-table test | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/tilt-table-test.md): The standing tilt table test is a standard diagnostic test to identify autonomic causes of unexplained syncope or dizziness when standing. Passive standing (without acti…
- [dysautonomia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/autonomic-dysfunction.md): Dysautonomia is not a single disease but a concept that encompasses dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Typical symptoms include orthostatic hypotension, postur…
- [Complex regional pain syndrome | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/complex-regional-pain-syndrome.md): CRPS was previously called reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or Kausalgia. It is characterized by relatively severe pain that persists after trauma and is accompanied b…
- [fibromyalgia | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/fibromyalgia.md): Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome that causes widespread pain in muscles and soft tissues throughout the body that lasts for more than 3 months and is accompanied…
- [SVF treatment (stromal vascular fraction) | Symptoms, Causes, Tests and Treatment | OSANG](https://osns.co.kr/en/encyclopedia/stromal-vascular-fraction.md): SVF treatment is an autologous cell therapy that extracts stem cell-rich fractions from the patient's own fat tissue and applies them to the treatment area. Anti-inflamm…

## Notice

Medical information is provided for general understanding and does not replace an individual consultation, diagnosis, or treatment.

- [Full EN page list](https://osns.co.kr/en/llms-full.txt)